Nouns (คำนาม) l สอนเรื่องคำนามอย่างง่าย

Nouns (คำนาม)

Common Noun (นามทั่วไป)
เป็นคำนามที่ใช้เรียกคน สัตว์ สิ่งของ สถานที่ทั่วๆไป ความคิด ( person, animal, place, thing, idea ) โดยไม่เฉพาะเจาะจง กล่าวโดยสรุปคือ คำนามทั้งหลายที่ไม่ใช่ proper nouns คือ common nouns เช่น
     สิ่งของ         boy, sign, table, hill, water, sugar, atom, elephant
     สถานที่         city, hill, road, stadium, school, company
     เหตุการณ์      revolution, journey, meeting
     ความรู้สึก      fear, hate, love
     เวลา              year, minute, millennium

• Common Nouns เป็นได้ทั้ง นามนับได้ (Countable) และนามนับไม่ได้ ( Uncountable )
  Countable Nouns ( นามนับได้ ) สามารถอยู่ทั้งในรูปเอกพจน์หรือพหูพจน์
          มีตัวตน      เช่น dog, man, coin , note, dollar, table, suitcase
          ไม่มีตัวตน   เช่น day, month, year, action, feeling
  Uncountable Nouns (นามนับไม่ได้) หรือ Mass Nouns อยู่ในรูปเอกพจน์ เท่านั้น
          มีตัวตน   เช่น   furniture, luggage, rice, sugar, water, gold
         ไม่มีตัวตน  เช่น  music, love, happiness, knowledge, advice, information

	Common countable		Common uncountable
	Indefinite (ไม่เจาะจง)	Definite (เจาะจง)	Indefinite (ไม่เจาะจง)	Definite (เจาะจง)
Singular	a cow	the cow	milk	the milk
plural	cows	the cows	-	-

• Common Nouns จะไม่ขึ้นต้นด้วยตัวใหญ่ (Capital letter) ยกเว้นเป็นคำขึ้นต้นของประโยค ตัวอย่าง: There are many children on the beach. Children love to swim.

Proper Nouns (นามเฉพาะ) จะต้องขึ้นต้นด้วยตัวใหญ่เสมอไม่ว่าจะอยู่ที่ใดของประโยค

• เป็นคำนามที่เป็นชื่อเฉพาะของ Common Noun เช่น
  ชื่อคน (Person Name) เช่น   Somsak , Tom, Daeng
  ชื่อสถานที่ ( Place Name) เช่น   Australia, Bangkok, Sukhumvit Road, Toyota
  ชื่อบอกระยะเวลา (Time name ) เช่น Saturday, January, Christmas

• Proper Nouns จะต้องเขียนขึ้นต้นด้วยตัวใหญ่ ( Capital letter )

• Proper Nouns ปกติจะไม่มี determiner นำหน้า นอกจากอยู่ในรูปของพหูจน์ เช่น the Jones ( ครอบครัวโจนส์ )
  the United States, the Himalayas
  แต่อย่างไรก็ดีมีข้อยกเว้นของคำนามที่ไม่ได้อยู่ในรูปพหูพจน์ เช่น The White House, the Sahara ( ทะเลทราย ),
  the Pacific ( Ocean ), the Vatican, the Kremlin
• เปรียบเทียบระหว่าง common nouns และ proper nouns

Common Nouns	Proper Nouns
dog	Lassie ( ชื่อของสุนัข )
boy	Jack ( ชื่อของเด็กชาย)
car	Toyota ( ชื่อยี่ห้อรถ )
month	January ( ชื่อของเดือน)
road	Sukhumvit ( ชื่อถนน )
university	Chulalongkorn ( ชื่อมหาวิทยาลัย)
ship	U.S.S. Enterprise ( ชื่อเรือ )
country	Thailand (ชื่อประเทศ )

แบบฝึกหัด

Noun: A noun is a word used to express a thing. So, it is possible for a noun to express a person, place, object (living and non-living), feeling, idea, or quality.

Example: Maria and her cat are very nice.

In this example, “Maria” and “cat” are nouns because they are both things. “Maria” is a person and “cat” is a living object.

Directions: Underline the nouns in the following sentences.

1)           The house is in Africa.

2)           The car is old and is missing one door.

3)           When will the bus arrive?

4)           Excitement is in the air.

5)           Yesterday was the coldest day of the year.

6)           Happiness is the best feeling.

7)           Tim, Joe, and Anton are my best friends.

8)           Evolution is part of nature.

9)           My brother is a major league baseball player.

10)       Is it time to go yet?

Directions: Now make your own sentences using nouns.

1)           …………………………………………………………………………………………

2)           …………………………………………………………………………………………

เฉลยแบบฝึกหัด

Noun: A noun is a word used to express a thing. So, it is possible for a noun to express a person, place, object (living and non-living), feeling, idea, or quality.

Example: Maria and her cat are very nice.

In this example, “Maria” and “cat” are nouns because they are both things. “Maria” is a person and “cat” is a living object.

Directions: Underline the nouns in the following sentences.

1)           The house is in Africa.

2)           The car is old and is missing one door.

3)           When will the bus arrive?

4)           Excitement is in the air.

5)           Yesterday was the coldest day of the year.

6)           Happiness is the best feeling.

7)           Tim, Joe, and Anton are my best friends.

8)           Evolution is part of nature.

9)           My brother is a major league baseball player.

10)       Is it time to go yet?

Directions: Now make your own sentences using nouns.

1)           …………………………………………………………………………………………

2)           …………………………………………………………………………………………

นำข้อมูลนี้มาจาก: englishforeveryone.org และ www.engtest.net/

Nicolas Steno's 374th Birthday

Nicolas Steno
Nicolas Steno
Born	11 January 1638 Copenhagen
Died	25 November 1686 (aged 48)
Nationality	Danish
Fields	Anatomy and geology

Nicolas Steno (Danish: Niels Stensen; Latinized to Nicolaus Steno -gen. Nicolai Stenonis-, Italian Niccolo' Stenone) (11 January 1638 – 25 November 1686) was a Danish pioneer in both anatomy and geology. Already in 1659 he decided not to accept anything simply written in a book, instead resolving to do research himself.^[1] He is considered the father of geology and stratigraphy.^[2] Steno was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1987.

Early career

Nicolaus Steno was born in Copenhagen on New Year's Day (Julian calendar), the son of a Lutheran goldsmith who worked regularly for King Christian IV of Denmark. Stensen grew up in isolation in his childhood, because of an unknown disease. In 1644 his father died, after which his mother remarried another goldsmith. In 1654-1655, 240 pupils of his school died because of the plague. Across the street lived Peder Schumacher, (who would offer Steno a post as professor in Copenhagen in 1671). After completing his university education, Steno set out to travel through Europe; in fact, he would be on the move for the rest of his life. In the Netherlands, France, Italy and Germany he came into contact with prominent physicians and scientists. These influences led him to use his own powers of observation to make important scientific discoveries. At a time when scientific questions were mostly answered by appeal to ancient authorities, Steno was bold enough to trust his own eyes, even when his observations differed from traditional doctrines.
At the urging of Thomas Bartholin, Steno first travelled to Rostock, then to Amsterdam, where he studied anatomy under Gerard Blasius, focusing again on the Lymphatic system. Steno discovered a previously undescribed structure, the "ductus stenonianus" (the duct of the parotid salivary gland) in sheep, dog and rabbit heads. A dispute with Blasius over credit for the discovery arose, but Steno's name is associated with this structure.^[3] Within a few months Steno moved to Leiden, where he met the students Jan Swammerdam, Frederik Ruysch, Reinier de Graaf, Franciscus de le Boe Sylvius, a famous professor, and Baruch Spinoza.^[4] Also Descartes was publishing on the working of the brain, and Steno did not think his explanation of the origin of tears was correct. Steno studied the heart, and determined that it was an ordinary muscle.
He travelled to Saumur where he met Melchisédech Thévenot and Ole Borch. Steno travelled to Montpellier, where he met Martin Lister and William Croone, who introduced Steno's work to the Royal Society. In Pisa Steno met the Grand Duke of Tuscany, who supported arts and science. Steno was invited to live in the Palazzo Vecchio, in return he had to gather a Cabinet of curiosities. Steno first went to Rome and met Alexander VII and Marcello Malpighi. As an anatomist in the hospital Steno focused on the muscular system and the nature of muscle contraction. He also became a member of Accademia del Cimento in Florence. Like Vincenzio Viviani, Steno used geometry to show that a contracting muscle changes its shape but not its volume.

Contributions to paleontology and geology

In October 1666 two fishermen caught a huge female shark near the town of Livorno, and Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, ordered its head to be sent to Steno. Steno dissected the head and published his findings in 1667. He noted that the shark's teeth bore a striking resemblance to certain stony objects, found embedded within rock formations, that his learned contemporaries were calling glossopetrae or "tongue stones". Ancient authorities, such as the Roman author Pliny the Elder, in his Naturalis Historia, had suggested that these stones fell from the sky or from the Moon. Others were of the opinion, also following ancient authors, that fossils naturally grew in the rocks. Steno's contemporary Athanasius Kircher, for example, attributed fossils to a "lapidifying virtue diffused through the whole body of the geocosm", considered an inherent characteristic of the earth — an Aristotelian approach. Fabio Colonna, however, had already shown in a convincing way that glossopetrae are shark teeth,^[5] in his treaty De glossopetris dissertatio published in 1616.^[6] Steno added to Colonna's theory a discussion on the differences in composition between glossopetrae and living sharks' teeth, arguing that the chemical composition of fossils could be altered without changing their form, using the contemporary corpuscular theory of matter.
Steno's work on shark teeth led him to the question of how any solid object could come to be found inside another solid object, such as a rock or a layer of rock. The "solid bodies within solids" that attracted Steno's interest included not only fossils, as we would define them today, but minerals, crystals, encrustations, veins, and even entire rock layers or strata. He published his geologic studies in De solido intra solidum naturaliter contento dissertationis prodromus, or Preliminary discourse to a dissertation on a solid body naturally contained within a solid in 1669. Steno was not the first to identify fossils as being from living organisms; his contemporaries Robert Hooke and John Ray also argued that fossils were the remains of once-living organisms.
Steno, in his Dissertationis prodromus of 1669 is credited with three of the defining principles of the science of stratigraphy: the law of superposition: "...at the time when any given stratum was being formed, all the matter resting upon it was fluid, and, therefore, at the time when the lower stratum was being formed, none of the upper strata existed"; the principle of original horizontality: "Strata either perpendicular to the horizon or inclined to the horizon were at one time parallel to the horizon"; the principle of lateral continuity: "Material forming any stratum were continuous over the surface of the Earth unless some other solid bodies stood in the way"; and the principle of cross-cutting discontinuities: "If a body or discontinuity cuts across a stratum, it must have formed after that stratum."^[7] These principles were applied and extended in 1772 by Jean-Baptiste L. Romé de l'Isle. Steno's landmark theory that the fossil record was a chronology of different living creatures in different eras was a sine qua non for Darwin's theory of natural selection.
Another principle, known simply as Steno's law, or Steno's law of constant angles, states that the angles between corresponding faces on crystals are the same for all specimens of the same mineral, a fundamental breakthrough that formed the basis of all subsequent inquiries into crystal structure.^[8]

Religious studies

Steno's questioning mind also influenced his religious views. Having been brought up in the Lutheran faith, he nevertheless questioned its teachings, something which became a burning issue when confronted with Roman Catholicism while studying in Florence. After making comparative theological studies, including reading the Church Fathers and by using his natural observational skills, he decided that Catholicism, rather than Lutheranism, provided more sustenance for his constant inquisitiveness. Steno converted to Catholicism on All Souls' Day when Lavinia Cenami Arnolfini insisted.
Steno travelled to Hungary, Austria and in Spring 1670 he arrived in Amsterdam. There he met with old friends Jan Swammerdam and Reinier de Graaf. With Anna Maria van Schurman and Antoinette Bourignon he discussed scientific and religious topics. The following quote is from a 1673 speech:

Fair is what we see, Fairer what we have perceived, Fairest what is still in veil.^[9]

It is not sure if he met Nicolaes Witsen, but he did read Witsen's book on shipbuilding. In 1671 he accepted a post in Copenhagen, but promised Cosimo III de' Medici he would return when he was appointed tutor to Ferdinando III de' Medici. In 1675 Steno was back in Florence and ordained a priest. Athanasius Kircher expressly asked what the reason was. Steno had left science and became one of the leading figures in the Counter-Reformation.
In the year after he was made bishop, and probably involved in the banning of publications by Spinoza,^[10] he came to a mission in Lutheran North by invitation of John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg. There he had talks with Gottfried Leibniz, the librarian; the two argued about Spinoza and his letter to Albert Burgh, then Steno's pupil.^[11] Leibniz recommended a reunification of the churches. Steno worked at the city of Hannover until 1680. He then accepted a position in Münster (Church Saint Liudger) as the new prince-elector Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover was a Protestant. Earlier, Augustus' wife, Sophia of Hanover, had made fun of Steno's piousness; he had sold his bishop's ring and cross to help the needy.
In 1684 Steno moved to Hamburg, after an argument about the election of the new bishop, Maximilian Henry of Bavaria. There Steno became involved again in the study of the brain and the nerve system with an old friend Dirck Kerckring. Steno was invited to Schwerin, when it became clear he was not accepted in Hamburg. Steno dressed like a poor man in an old cloak. He drove in an open carriage in snow and rain. Living four days a week on bread and beer, he became emaciated.^[12] When Steno had fulfilled his mission, some years of difficult tasks, he wanted to go back to Italy. Before he could return, Steno became severely ill, his belly swelling day by day. Steno died in Germany, after much suffering. His corpse was shipped by Kerckring to Florence and buried in the Basilica of San Lorenzo close to his protectors, the De' Medici family. In 1953 his grave was discovered, and the corpse (without the missing skull) was reburied after a procession through the streets of the city.^[13]

Legacy

Steno's life and work has been studied, in particular in relation to the developments in geology in the late nineteenth century. His piety and virtue have been especially evaluated with a view to an eventual canonization. In 1953 his corpse was exhumed, and reburied in the Capella Stenoniana, but without the missing skull. The Italian state donated a fourth-century Christian sarcophagus that had been found in the river Arno. In 1987 he was declared "beatus" - the first step to being declared a saint - by Pope John Paul II. He is thus now called by Catholics Blessed Nicolas Steno.

• The Steno Museum in Århus, Denmark, named after Nicolas Steno, holds exhibitions on the history of science and medicine.^[14] It also operates a planetarium and a medicinal herb garden.
• Impact craters on Mars and the Moon are named in his honor.
• In 1950 the "Niels Steensens Gymnasium", a Catholic preparatory school, was founded on a Jesuit monastery in Copenhagen.^[15]
• Steno Diabetes Center, a research and teaching hospital dedicated to diabetes in Gentofte, Denmark, was named after Nicolas Steno.
• The Istituto Niels Stensen was founded in 1964 in Florence, Italy. Administered by the Jesuit Order, it is dedicated to his memory.

Thank you: From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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